Description
This course addresses the technologies and methods applied in the oil industry to control and to mitigate the excessive water production in oil and gas production wells, which cause detrimental effects in the oil production rates and in the recovery factors. It includes a review to the reservoir parameters leading to excessive water production, the methods to identify the water paths as thief zones, high permeability layers, fractures and water coning, and the methods to mitigate or block out the produced water improving the volumetric sweep efficiency of waterflooding and natural water drives.
The lecture provides fundamentals of the water shut off and conformance control methods used in the oil industry, review reservoir parameters that influence the water production and describes mechanical methods as bridge plugs, cement plugs, inflatable packers, elastomers, the chemical methods with crosslinked polymer gels, and other chemicals to improve conformance.
- Review/discuss the parameters influencing the water production.
- Review/discus key factors of the oil displacement by waterflooding and the parameters affecting the displacement efficiency.
- Review the methods to control the excessive produced water.
- Study gel system as a method of blocking permeability and redistributing the water drive.
- Understand the applications of polymer gels and polymer gel selection.
- Review varios methods to characterize the water production causes
- Discuss methodologies to analyse watered wells and to perform appropriate selection of treatments.
- Review a selection of the water control agents, methods of water control agent placement and treatment design
- Diagnostic and Solutions for water production problem based on qualitative analysis of reservoir characteristics, production data and well test results.
- Learn techniques to optimize single well treatments
This course is recommended for personnel from oil operators and service companies that need to understand the methods to reduce the produce water increasing the oil rates, and the possibilities and implications of implementing water shut off operations.
- Geologist and Petrophysicists
- Production Engineers
- Facilities Engineers
- Reservoir Engineers and Reservoir Managers
- Well and Completion Engineers
- Operation and Field Engineers
- Technical Personnel
Day 1
Introduction to Water Shut Off and Conformance
- Reasons why is important to control the water production
- General Concept of Conformance Water shut of well interventions methods and evolution
- Reservoir Parameters Influencing Water Movement: Fluids Properties, Phase Behaviour, Rock Compaction, Relative Permeabilities, Wettability, Capillary Pressures, Driving Mechanisms
- Oil Displacement by Water Flooding and Water Injection Patterns
- Displacement Efficiency, Vertical, Areal & Volumetric Efficiency
- Improving the Volumetric Sweep Efficiency
- Viscous Fingering, Interfacial Tension and Heterogeneity Effects in Water Flooding Recovery Efficiency
- Key Factors in The Water Flooding: Reservoir Deep, Wells Position, Mobility Ratio
- Injection Rates, Dipping Angle, Heterogeneities, Well Spacing, Implementation Dates and When to Start Water Injection
- Achieving Higher Oil Recovery and Reducing Water Production
- Examples of late and early water injection.
- Conformance Definition, Diagnostics & Profile Modification
- Definition of Conformance, Illustrations, Conformance Problems.
and the Rate of Oil Recovery. - Excessive Water Production as a Conformance Problem.
- Sweep Improvement and Profiles Modification
- Implementing Water Conformance Treatments Guides and Examples
- Production Logs and Application in Conformance
Day 2
Oil Fields Water Types
- ‘Good Water’ and ‘Bad water’. Diagnostic using Fractional Flow
- Good Waters: Water Flooding Pressure Maintenance.
- Bad Waters: Transition zone, Leaks, Fractures, Faults, Coning, Poor Areal Sweep, Gravity Segregated Layer, Watered out Layer with Crossflow
- Critical Oil Rates for Water Conning (Chaperon equation)
- Typical Water Shut Off Cases and Solutions: Fingering, Segregated Water, Crossflow, Fractures, Near Well Matrix with Crossflow.
- Estimating Water Handling Costs
- Water Oil Ratio vs. Recovery plots to Defining WOR Economic Limit
- Cost-Effective Conformance Problems
- Diagnostics
- Economic Recovery Plot: Water Oil Ratio (WOR) vs Recovery
- Identifying ‘Bad Water’: Production Plots, Water Breakthrough
- Layered Reservoirs
- Conventions Water Control Treatments and effectiveness:
- Category A: Conventional Treatments Normally Effective
- Category B: Treatments with Gel Normally Effective
- Category C: Treatments with Preformed Gels Are Effective
- Category D: Difficult Problems not Suitable for Gels
- Strategy for Attacking Excess Water Production and Gel Treatments
- Types of Water Control Methods: Physical, chemical & polymer gel applications
- Candidate well selection and Selection of Water Control Methods
Day 3
Polymer Gels Applications
- Basic Requirements of a Gel System
- How Gels are Formed, Rated for Strength, Stability and Durability
- Field Cases and Exercises
- Disproportionate Water Permeability Reduction (DPR) Caused by Gels
- Gel Systems, Kinetic of Gasification, Strength, Stability and Durability.
- Benefits of Polymeric Gels
- Aqueous Gels, Polymer Gels, CC/AP (Chromium Carboxylate/Acrylamide)
- Water Shutoff Treatments in Carbonates and Sandstone
- Different Types of Polymeric Gels for Water Shut Off
- Marathon CC/AP Gel WSO
- Gel Properties and Parameters for Successful WSO Treatment
- Diagnostic Test Useful for WSO Gel Treatment
- Fracture vs Matrix Conformance Problems
- High permeability Anomalies
- Rate of Success for Gel WSO Jobs
- Gel Treatments Combined with Cement
- Permeability Ratio Modifier (DPR/PRM and SPB)
- Polymer Treatment and Relative Permeability Modification
Day 4
Lessons Learned from Water Shut and Advances
- Issues and potential concerns with DPR WSO Treatment
- Limitations, Constraints and Pitfalls
- Risks: Improperly Designed and Executed WSO Jobs
- Thermal Fracturing in Water Injection Wells
- Critical Oil Rate for Water Coning in a Vertical Well Calculations
- Exercises
- Experiences and Learning in Water Shut Off
- Producer Wells Candidates for Water Shut Off and Conformance
- Typical Problems in Polymer Gels Treatments
- Gel Selection, Injection Volumes & Quality Controls for Successful Treatments
- Polymer Dissolution, Field Preparation of WSO Polymer Gels
- Gel Complementing Cement Treatments
- Field Application Example Gel Injection Treatments to Improve Sweep Efficient in Fractured Well
- Daqing Oil Field Polymer Flood
- Exercises
Day 5
Advances in Water Shut Off
- Latest advances and field trials in water control methods
- Technical requirements in water control applications
- Stronger Gels and Hybrid methods
- Methods for early identification of excessive water production
- Effective exploitation of the gel disproportionate permeability reduction DPR
- Greener gel technologies.
- Water Cycle in the Oilfield Operations
- Produced Injection Water Treatments
- Produced Water Lifting, Water Separation, Treatment, Disposal and Reinjection Costs review
- Delegates field case workshop
- General Review of the week and Wrap Up
- Final Discussion and Conclusions
End of the training
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